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It rightly appeared to Kuratowski as an outstanding place to study engineering.Īfter Kuratowski made the decision to study in Glasgow, he matriculated there as a student in October 1913. The University of Glasgow, in Scotland, had an engineering school with a long established history, the chair of engineering being established in 1840. Kuratowski, however, when he left secondary school decided that he wanted to become an engineer. Some went to Galicia where, although under Austrian control, Polish education still flourished. As a consequence most Poles in "Vistula Land" at this time went abroad for their university education. When Kuratowski was nine years old the policy of Russian schooling was softened, but although Polish language schools were allowed, a student could not proceed from such a secondary school to university without taking the Russian examinations as an external candidate. Galicia, although under Austrian control, retained Polish culture and was often where Poles from "Vistula Land" went for their education. From 1906, however, the Underground Warsaw University was set up to provide a Polish university education for those prepared to risk teaching and learning in this illegal institution. Warsaw only had a Russian language university after the University of Warsaw became a Russian university in 1869. In a policy implemented between 18, all secondary schooling was in Russian. Russia controlled much of the rest of the country and in the years prior to Kuratowski's birth there had been strong moves by Russia to make "Vistula Land", as it was called, be dominated by Russian culture.
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Poland had been partitioned in 1772 and the south was called Galicia and under Austrian control. The first thing to note is that really Poland did not formally exist at this time. To understand what Kuratowski's school years were like it is necessary to look a little at the history of Poland around the time he was born. Biography Kazimierz Kuratowski's father, Marek Kuratowski was a leading lawyer in Warsaw.